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Abs/Abdominals
Abbreviation for abdominal muscles.
Active Stretch: Muscles are
stretched using the contraction of the opposing muscle, (antagonist). For an
example stretching the triceps, requires the biceps to contract
Abduction: Movement of a limb
away from middle of body, such as bringing arms to shoulder height from hanging
down position.
Acetaminophen:
An aspirin substitute. Like aspirin, acetaminophen
works as a pain killer and fever reducer, but it does not have anti-inflammatory
properties and does not produce the side effects associated with aspirin, such
as stomach irritation. It belongs to the group of pain killers known as
analgesic
Achilles Tendon:
The strong tendon joining the muscles in the calf of
the leg to the bone in the heel
PIC
Adaptation:
The process in which
your muscles no longer achieve high levels of stress. Given proper recuperation
and nourishment the result of adaptation is larger and healthier muscles through
exercise.
Adhesion : Fibrous patch holding
muscles or other parts together that are normally separated.
Adipose Tissue:
commonly known as fat. Adipose tissue is specialized connective
tissue that functions as the major storage site for fat in the form of
triglycerides.
Adenosine
Triphosphate/ATP: A substance found
in all cells, but particularly in muscle cells. When split by enzyme action,
energy is produced. The substance which stores the energy of the muscle
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Aerobic capacity: Another term
for maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 Max)
Aerobic Exercise, (with oxygen)
Activity in which the body is able to supply adequate oxygen to the working
muscles, for a period of time. Running, cross-country skiing and cycling are
examples of aerobic activities.
Agonist: Muscle directly engaged
in contraction that is primarily responsible for movement of a body part.
All Natural: Athletes, especially
body builders who have avoided using steroids or other banned substances
Amino Acids:
Amino acids are the basic
structural building units of proteins. They form short
polymer chains called
peptides or
polypeptides which in turn form structures called proteins.
Anabolic:
the processes of metabolism
that result in growth of muscle cells
Anabolic Steroid: Synthetic
chemical that mimics the muscle building characteristics of the male hormone
testosterone
Analgesic:
any drug intended to alleviate pain also see (
aspirin )
Androgenic:
the activity of anything that stimulates or controls the development and
maintenance of masculine characteristics in
vertebrates.
Androgen:
Androgen is the generic term for any compound, usually
a steroid, that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of
masculine characteristics in animals by binding to androgen receptors.
Angina Pectoris: Chest or arm
pain resulting from reduced oxygen supply to the heart muscle.
Antagonist: Muscle that
counteracts the agonist, lengthening when the agonist muscle contracts.
Anti–Catabolism: Supplements
such as glutamine, used to prevent breakdown within the body, in order to
promote muscle growth.
Antioxidants:
Antioxidants are molecules that stop the stealing of
electrons by giving one of its own electrons to the free radicals
Arginine:
arginine is often classed as one of
the 10 essential amino acids. This need, evidently, is restricted to children,
In the body, L-arginine is used to make the compound nitric oxide, which reduces
blood vessel stiffness, increases blood flow, and improves blood vessel
function. Arginine is often used in the treatment of erectile dysfunction,
Arteriosclerosis: Hardening of
the arteries due to conditions that cause the arterial walls to become thick,
hard, and none elastic.
Aspartame
: Aspartame (ie.NutraSweet) consists of two amino
acids, aspartic acid and phenylalanine. Foods containing this substance must
be labeled so as to notify individuals with phenylketonuria, a rare disease
that requires control of dietary phenylalanine. This sweetener is currently
approved for use in a variety of products in the United States, Canada, and
22 other nations.
Assimilation: The process in
which foods are utilized and absorbed by the body.
Aromatase:
An enzyme that converts androgens (testosterone) into estrogens. This enzyme
complex is located in estrogen-producing cells found in ovaries, placenta,
testicles, fat cells, and brain tissues
Amoratase Inhibitors (
Anti-Amoratase) Used in treating breast
cancer in postmenopausal women, aromatase inhibitors inhibit the conversion of
androgens to estrogens by the enzyme aromatase, thus depriving the tumor of
estrogenic signals.
Arteriosclerosis: The deposition
of materials along the arterial walls, a type of arteriosclerosis.
Atrophy
– Withering away,
Decrease in size and functional ability of tissue or organs.
Aspirin: a
natural pain killer that has anti-inflammatory properties used for headache
general pain and swelling. Aspirin can also be one of three ingredients in an
ECA stack
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Ballistic Stretch: more vigorous
stretch by using a swinging or bouncing motion suited only for conditioned
athletes, especially in martial arts.
Barbell :Weight used for
exercise, consisting of a rigid handle 5-7' long, with detachable metal discs at
each end.
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
Metabolic rate at rest, your bodies working output.
Bench Press:
The bench press is an exercise in powerlifting and bodybuilding
in which the lifter lies on his/her back on a bench, raising and lowering the
bar directly above the chest. It is intended for the development of the chest,
or pectoral, muscles, but a variation exists for the triceps. In powerlifting,
however, where the focus is to achieve a single very heavy repitition, the force
for a bench press is exerted by both the pectoral and tricep muscles.
Bent Row:An exercise for the
lats and
biceps. When performed using
free weights, start with your waist bent so that your torso is parallel (or
nearly parallel) to the ground; hold a barbell in both hands with your arms
hanging downward. While keeping your torso in the same position, pull the
barbell up to your stomach, then lower it until your arms are straight again and
repeat.
biceps brachii:
the familiar "make a muscle" muscle that flexes the
elbow joint. Additionally, the biceps
supinates the forearm and helps raise the upper arm at the shoulder.
biceps femoris:
the large, two-headed muscle on the back of the thigh.
Contracting this muscle flexes the knee and also extends the hip (only one head
of the muscle originates above the hip joint and contributes to this movement).
exercises targeting this muscle include
Bio availability: The simplicity
in which nutrients can be absorbed.
Biochemical Reaction: The
chemical reactions which take place within the human body.
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Biological Value: measure of
protein quality in a given food.
Bio mechanics: Science concerned
with the internal and external forces acting on a human body and the effects
produced by these forces.
Biosynthesis:
is a phenomenon
where chemical compounds are produced from simpler reagents. Biosynthesis,
unlike chemical synthesis, takes place within living organisms and is generally
catalyzed by enzymes. The process is vital part of metabolism:
Bodybuilding : Weight
training to change physical appearance.
Body Composition: The breakdown
of your body make-up, i.e. fat, lean muscle, bone and water content.
Bone density: Soundness of the
bones within the body, low density can be a result of osteoporosis.
branched chain amino acids:
the
amino acids L-leucine, L-isoleucine, and L-valine, so named because of their
branched structure. They are a major constituent of muscle tissue and are
preferentially consumed during intense exertion or dieting.
Because the human body can not manufacture these amino acids they are considered
essential.
brown fat
: A type of fat cell with a greatly increased density of mitochondria and a
much greater blood supply than ordinary "white" fat. Besides being able to store
fat, brown fat cells can convert calories directly into heat through a process
known as non-shivering
thermogenesis. Brown fat is used by mammals to maintain body temperature and
to expend excess calories that are consumed but not stored as fat.
bulking, bulking up
: to gain size and mass, preferably (but not always) mostly or entirely
muscle and other lean tissue.
Buffer: Substances that help
reduce lactic acid build-up during strenuous exercise.
Bulking Up:
Gaining bodyweight
by adding both fat & muscle
Burn:
The sensation in a muscle that comes from the lactic acid and pH buildup
resulting from exercising the muscle to failure (see pump also)
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Caffeine:
The most widely used drug in the world
this stimulate in found in coffee, tea, chocolate and many soft drinks. It
enhance alertness and may enhance the effectiveness of other stimulate drugs
like ephedrine also see
ECA Stack
Calf Muscle (see
gastrocnemius)
Pic
CAM
A rotating lobe (pulley) that changes regular circular motion
into an irregular circular motion or into a back and forth motion. this type of
pulley is used in many resistive machines like nautilus.
Cambered bar:
bar designed for more comfortable grip and less forearm strain, made with
offset middle gripping area also see
EZ-CURL
or Curl bar
Carbohydrate
/Carb: an energy source that is consumed as food
which is not either fat or protein. Carbohydrates do not come from animal
sources
Carbohydrate
Loading / Carb up
:Increase consumption of carbohydrates in liquid or food form normally three
days prior to an endurance or bodybuilding event with the intent of saturating
the muscle glycogen stores
for energy
Cardiovascular
Training Physical conditioning that strengthens heart
and blood vessels, the result of which is an increase in the ability for your
body muscles to utilize fuel more effectively resulting in a greater level of
exercising.
Catabolic:
the destructive process in the body involving the release of energy and the
breakdown of muscle tissues. BCAA are believed to slow this process when caused
from exercise.
Cellulose: Indigestible
fiber in
foods.
Chalk : Powder used on hands for
secure grip.
Cheating /
Cheat Reps The concept of using too much weight,
or working pass normal failure on an exercise which creates a need to
rely on surrounding muscle groups for assistance in
the movement; or changing joint angles for more leverage, as in arching back in
bench press.
Chin Ups/ Pull
ups: an exercise done by grabbing a chinning bar just greater than
shoulder width and pulling the entire body up until the chin is equal or above
the bar. This exercise is done to develop back width and strength.
Chinning Bar/
Pull up Bar: a parallel bar used to do pull ups
Chelating Agents:
Soluble organic compounds
that wraps or binds minerals in amino acids. Uses to
remove heavy metals from the body.
Cholesterol :A fat lipid which
has both good and bad implications within the human body. Good being known as
HDL and bad being LDL. Bad cholesterol is associated with heart disease and
stroke, whereas the body requires cholesterol for the production of many steroid
hormones.
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Chromium picolinate:
is thought to be the best source of chromium. Chromium is
a trace mineral that is essential to the body's production of insulin.
Chronic Disease :A disease or
illness that is associated with lifestyle or environment factors as opposed to
infectious diseases (hypo kinetic diseases are considered to be chronic
diseases).
Chrysin is a
naturally occurring isoflavone chemically extracted from the plant Passiflora
coerulea.
Circuit Training
:Going quickly
from one exercise apparatus to another and doing a prescribed number of
exercises or time on each apparatus, keeps pulse rate high and promote overall
fitness, by generally working all muscle groups as well as heart and lungs.
Clean :Lifting weight from floor
to shoulder in one motion.
Clean and Jerk: Olympic lift
where weight is raised from floor to overhead in two movements.
Clean and Snatch : One of two
Olympic lifts where weight is raised from floor to overhead at arms' length in
one motion.
Coenzyme : A substance that works
with an enzyme to promote the enzyme's activity.
Collars: a piece of equipment
used to secure Weighted plate in place on a bar.
Complete Proteins :Proteins that
contain all the essential amino acids.
Compound movement:
those exercises which use two or more joints for full contraction (example bench
press, shoulder press squat, bent over rows, or lat pull downs)
Concentric Contraction : An
isotonic muscle contraction, where a muscle contracts or shortens.
Conditionally Essential Amino
Acids: When an amino
acid that is normally non-essential is required by the body at a higher levels
or amounts greater than the body can produce; or when because of stress there is
an increase need for an amino acid it is for that time period said to be
conditionally essential.
Concentration Curls:
a dumbbell curl performed with the body leaning
forward and supported by the inner thigh or knee
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Congestive Heart Failure : The
inability of the heart muscle to pump the blood at a life sustaining rate.
Conjugated linoleic acid/ CLA:
is a naturally occurring nutrient which contributes to
the body's ability to metabolize existing fat deposits by stimulating hormone
sensitive lipase. CLA helps break down stored fat, which returns to the blood
stream where it is used as energy by muscle cells and the liver.
Contraindication: A
specific situation in which the administration of a treatment has a high
likelihood of harming a person. For example, a history of peptic ulcer is a
contraindication towards taking aspirin. If, however, the benefit of using
aspirin is seen as greater than the risk of a recurrence of the ulcer, and no
reasonable alternatives are available, the treatment is still indicated.
Collagen:
The connective tissue that
holds the muscle to the bones, as you get stronger and lift heavier the stress
you put on your structure becomes tremendous. If your connective tissue is not
as healthy and strong as it should be (a
problem often seen in steroid users),
risk of injury dramatically increases.
Cool Down: Moderate
then light activity, normally followed by stretching.
Coronary Circulation: Circulation
of blood to the heart muscle associated with the blood carrying capacity of a
specific vessel or development of collateral vessels (extra blood vessels).
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) :
Diseases of the heart muscle and the blood vessels that supply it with oxygen,
including heart attack.
Coronary Occlusion: The blocking
of the coronary blood vessels.
Creatine Phosphate: An inorganic
phosphate molecule which binds with ADP and form ADT. Produced naturally within
the body, however creatine mono hydrate supplements have helped a number of
athletes boost their performances.
Crunches – Abdominal exercises :
Sit-ups done on the floor with legs on bench, hands behind the neck.
Curl Bar
:Cambered bar designed
for more comfortable grip and less forearm strain. also see
EZ-CURL or Cambered Bar
Cutting Up:
stripping the body of excess body fat while retaining maximum muscularity
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
(cAMP, cyclic AMP ) is a
molecule that is important in many biological processes; it is derived from
adenosine triphosphate (ATP).cAMP is a second messenger, used for intracellular
signal transduction, such as transferring the effects of hormones like glucagon
and adrenaline, which cannot get through the cell membrane. |
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